To the content
3 . 2022

Endocrinology: past, present and future

Abstract

Endocrinology is a relatively young medical science, that was formed in the late XIX – early XX century. The founder of Russian endocrinology is Professor Shervinsky V.D., who gave the endocrine disorders classes. The State Institute of Organotherapeutic Preparations was founded by him, which in 1925 became the Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, now The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation. Subsequently, the National Research Center of Endocrinology was headed by Academicians N.A. Yudaev, Yu.A. Pankov, I.I. Dedov. At present, the continuity of generations among endocrinologists in our country is preserved.

The discovery of effective drugs for the treatment of patients with endocrine diseases has improved the quality of life of patients and the outcomes of these diseases. Thus, due to thyreostatic drugs, it became possible to treat patients with thyrotoxicosis effectively. And the use of the synthetic drug levothyroxine contributed to a better achievement of compensation for patients with hypothyroidism. The discovery of cortisone was a real breakthrough not only in endocrinology, but in all other branches of medicine. In 1950, Dr. R. Hench and chemists E. Kendall and T. Reichstein received the Nobel Prize “for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects”. Since then, adrenal insufficiency is not a fatal disease anymore. Currently, the pharmacology of glucocorticosteroids continues to develop, new drugs are being synthesized. Also, diabetes mellitus ceased to be fatal after the insulin discovery made in 1921 by scientists Frederick Banting and Charles Best, with the support of John McLeod and James Collip. Since then, insulin preparations have been constantly improved, insulin analogues have appeared. The pharmacology of oral hypoglycemic drugs (OHDs) is developing. New classes of OHDs are becoming available: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (iDPP-4), glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (aGLP-1), and sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors (iSGLT-2). These groups of drugs have a low risk of hypoglycemia, as well as cardioprotective properties. Currently, OHDs are increasingly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The hormones of adipose tissue – adipokines – are being actively studied. Studies are being conducted aimed at the possibility of using adipose tissue hormones (in particular leptin and adiponectin) in the treatment of obesity.

Keywords:thyroidology; adrenal diseases; diabetes mellitus; insulin; hypoglycemic therapy; leptin; adiponectin

Funding. The study had no sponsor support.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

For citation: Verbovoy A.F., Dolgikh Yu.A., Verbovaya N.I., Galkin R.A. Endocrinology: past, present and future. Endokrinologiya: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie [Endocrinology: News, Opinions, Training]. 2022; 11 (3): 37–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33029/2304-9529-2022-11-3-37-46 (in Russian)

References

1. Big Medical Encyclopedia (BME). In: B.V. Petrovsky (ed.). 3rd ed. Vol. 28. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1988: 516 p. (in Russian)

2. Druzhinina (Shervinskaya) E.S. Immortality. From Shervinsky’s family history. Moscow: Greko-latinskiy kabinet Yu.A. Shichalina, 2015: 440 p. (in Russian)

3. Borodulin V.I., Pashkov K.A., Poddubny M.V., Topolyansky A.V., Shadrin P.V. Vasily Dmitrievich Shervinsky (1850–1941) and Russian medicine in the first third of the 20th century. Istoriya meditsiny [History of Medicine]. 2017; 4 (2): 174–83. (in Russian)

4. Preobrazhensky A.P. Vasiliy Dmitrievich Shervinsky. A brief biographical sketch. Vestnik endokrinologii [Bulletin of Endocrinology]. 1934; 4 (3–6): 196 (in Russian)

5. Ametov A.S., Doskina E.V., Kochergina I.I., Smirnova O.M., Mishina E.E. To the 110 anniversary since the birth of professor E.A. Vasyukova. Sakharniy diabet [Diabetes Mellitus]. 2015; 18 (3): 106–9. (in Russian)

6. Il’yinskaya T.A., Kitsyshin V.P., Salukhov V.V. Influence of disorders in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism on circadian glycemic variability and its role in the development of cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Farmateka [Pharmateca]. 2021; 28 (4): 84–9. (in Russian)

7. Demidova T.Yu., Salukhov V.V. Empagliflozin: a new era in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Terapiya [Therapy]. 2016; 4 (8): 6–16. (in Russian)

8. Robert James Graves. URL: http://www.mrcophth.com/ophthalmologyhalloffame/graves.html

9. Kurchakov A.L., Likhova I.A. To the 225th Anniversary of the Birth of Robert James Graves. Klinicheskaya i eksperimental’naya tireodologiya [Clinical and Experimental Thyroidology]. 2021; 17 (2): 16–9. (in Russian)

10. Amino N., Tada H., Hidaka Y., Hashimoto K. History of Hashimoto’s disease. Endocr J. 2002; 49 (4): 393–7.

11. Lygina E.A., Latiy V.V. Life and heritage of Hakaru Hashimoto. Klinicheskaya i eksperimental’naya tireodologiya [Clinical and Experimental Thyroidology]. 2021; 17 (2): 20–3. (in Russian)

12. Madiyarova M.M., Morgunova T.B., Fadeev V.V Treatment of primary hypothyroidism: unresolved issues. Klinicheskaya i eksperimental’naya tireodologiya [Clinical and Experimental Thyroidology]. 2015; 11 (1): 22–34 (in Russian)

13. Biondi B, Wartofsky L. Treatment with thyroid hormone. Endocr Rev. 2014; 35 (3): 433–512.

14. Oppenheimer J.H., Braverman L.E., Toft A., et al. A therapeutic controversy. Thyroid hormone treatment: when and what? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80 (10): 2873–83.

15. Garber J.R., Cobin R.H., Gharib H., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocr Pract. 2012; 18 (6): 988–1028.

16. Akbasheva D.A. Primary adrenal insufficiency. Endokrinologiya: novosti, mneniya, obucheniye [Endocrinology: News, Opinions, Training]. 2018. 7 [3 (24)]: 123–4. (in Russian)

17. Gorodetsky V.V., Topolyansky A.V., Laptev A.O. Glucocorticoid therapy today: efficacy and safety. Lechashchiy vrach [Attending Physician]. 2002; (3). (in Russian). URL: https://www.lvrach.ru/2002/03/4529238

18. Grigor’ev A.Yu., Ivashchenko O.V., Azizyan V.N., Nadezhdina E.Yu., Arapova S.D., Marova E.I. Itsenko-Cushing’s disease – from history to the present. Innovative technologies in endocrinology. In: Innovatsionnye tekhnologii v endokrinologii: Sbornik tezisov IV (XXVII) Natsional’nogo kongressa endokrinologov s mezhdunarodnym uchastiyem [Collection of abstracts of the IV (XXVII) National Congress of Endocrinologists with international participation]. Moscow, 2021: 246 p. (in Russian)

19. Plaksin N.S., Kupriyanova V.M., Bogdanova T.M. Diabetes mellitus: history of discovery, complications, prevalence. Mezhdunarodniy studencheskiy nauchniy vestnik [International Student Scientific Bulletin]. 2018; (5). URL: https://eduherald.ru/ru/article/view?id=19223 (in Russian)

20. Ametov A.S., Pugovkina Ya.V., Vovk P.S. Insulin therapy is a century-long success story. Focus on basal insulin. Endokrinologiya: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie [Endocrinology: News, Opinions, Training]. 2021; 10 (1): 26–33. (in Russian)

21. Goeddel D.V., Kleid D.G., Bolivar F., Heyneker H.L., Yansura D.G., Crea R., et al. Expression in Escherichia coli of chemically synthesized genes for human insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1979; 76: 106–10.

22. Miller W.L., Baxter J.D. Recombinant DNA – a new source of insulin. Diabetologia. 1980; 18: 431–6.

23. Cereghino G.P.L., Cregg J.M. Applications of yeast in biotechnology: protein production and genetic analysis. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1999; 10: 422–7.

24. Okminyan G.F., Latyshev O.Yu., Kiseleva E.V., Kasatkina E.P., Samsonova L.N. Evolution of basal insulin preparations: from simple to complex. Endokrinologiya: novosti, mneniya, obucheniye [Endocrinology: news, opinions, training]. 2021; 10 (1): 18–25. (in Russian)

25. Hirsch I.B., Juneja R., Beals J.M., Antalis C.J., Wright E.E. The Evolution of insulin and how it informs therapy and treatment choices. Endocr Rev. 2020; 41 (5): 733–55.

26. Pettus J., Santos Cavaiola T., Tamborlane W.V., Edelman S. The past, present, and future of basal insulins. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016; 32 (6): 478–96.

27. Ametov A.S., Valitov B.I., Chernikova N.A. Therapeutic training: past, present and future. akharniy diabet [Diabetes Mellitus]. 2012; 15 (1): 71–7. (in Russian)

28. Salikhova A.F., Farkhutdinova L.M., Allaberdina D.U. Obesity: an epidemic of the 21st century. Previous studies and modern view on the problem. Vestnik akademii nauk respubliki Bashkortostan [Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan]. 2012; 17 (1): 32–8. (in Russian)

29. Akimova V.E. Akimov V.Yu. Overweight in middle-aged men: population monitoring. Vrach [Physician]. 2021; 32 (2): 59–63. (in Russian)

30. Oganov R.G., Simanenkov V.I., Bakulin I.G., Bakulina N.V., Barbarash O.L., Boytsov S.A., et al. Comorbid pathology in clinical practice. Diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika [Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention]. 2019; 18 (1): 5–66. (in Russian)

31. Krasnoperova O.I., Smirnova E.I., Merzlova N.B. Factors leading to the development of obesity in children and contributing to its transformation into metabolic syndrome. Fundamental’nye issledovaniya [Fundamental Researches]. 2012; 4-2: 306–10. (in Russian)

32. Hammarstedt A., Gogg S., Hedjazifar S., Nerstedt A., Smith U. Impaired adipogenesis and dysfunctional adipose tissue in human hypertrophic obesity. Physiol Rev. 2018; 98 (4): 1911–41.

33. Verbovoy A.F., Sharonova L.A., Lomonova T.V. Adipokines and echocardiographic parameters in men with diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypothyroidism. Kardiologiya: novosti, mneniya, obucheniye. [Cardiology: News, Opinions, Training]. 2019; 7 [1 (20)]: 8–14. (in Russian)

34. Akhmerova R.I. The relationship of hormonal-metabolic parameters and the functional state of the myocardium in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and bronchial asthma. Vrach-aspirant [Postgraduate Doctor]. 2014; 67 (6.2): 208–17. (in Russian)

35. Lebedev P.A., Verbovoy A.F., Mateesku K.A, Aleksandrov M.Yu., Paranina E.V. The paradox of obesity and postinfarction remodeling in patients with the Q-wave myocardial infarction. Kardiologiya: novosti, mneniya, obucheniye. [Cardiology: News, Opinions, Training]. 2018; 3 (18): 74–82. (in Russian)

36. Khripun I.A., Khripun A.V. Endothelial dysfunction diagnostic «Platform» in patients with diabetes mellitus. Meditsinskiy vestnik Yuga Rossii [Medical Bulletin of the South of Russia]. 2022; 13 (1): 109–16. (in Russian)

37. Banks W.A., Niehoff M.L., Martin D., Farrell C.L. Leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier of the Koletsky rat is not mediated by a product of the leptin receptor gene. Brain Res. 2002; 950 (1–2): 130–6.

38. Seoane-Collazo P., Martínez-Sánchez N., Milbank E., Contreras C. Incendiary leptin. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (2): E472.

39. Friedman J.M. The function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology. Nutr Rev. 2002; 60 (10 pt 2): S1–14.

40. Farooqi I.S., O’Rahilly S. 20 years of leptin: human disorders of leptin action. J Endocrinol. 2014; 223 (1): T63–70.

41. Dolgikh Yu.A. Verbovoy A.F., Mitroshina E.V. Assessment of hormonal and metabolic parameters and the state of the cardiovascular system in obesity, manifested in adolescence in young men. Spravochnik vracha obshchey praktiki [General Practitioner’s Handbook]. 2013; (1): 41–9. (in Russian)

42. Martins M. do C., Lima Faleiro L., Fonseca A. Relação entre a leptina, a massa corporal e a síndrome metabólica numa amostra da população adulta [Relationship between leptin and body mass and metabolic syndrome in an adult population]. Rev Port Cardiol. 2012; 31 (11): 711–9.

43. Liu W., Zhou X., Li Y., Zhang S., Cai X., Zhang R., et al. Serum leptin, resistin, and adiponectin levels in obese and non-obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020; 99 (6): e19052.

44. Farooqi I.S., Matarese G., Lord G.M., et al. Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporespon-siveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest. 2002; 110: 1093–103.

45. Flier J.S. Hormone resistance in diabetes and obesity: insulin, leptin, and FGF21. Yale J Biol Med. 2012; 85 (3): 405–14.

46. Oral E.A., Simha V., Ruiz E. et al. Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 570–8.

47. Hukshorn C.J., Westerterp-Plantenga M.S., Saris W.H. Pegylated human recombinant leptin (PEG-OB) causes additional weight loss in severely energy-restricted, overweight men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77 (4): 771–6.

48. Roth J., Weyer C., Anderson C., et al. Leptin re-sponsivity restored in leptin-resistantdiet-induced obese (DIO) rats: synergistic actions of amylin and leptin for reduction in body weight (BW) and fat. In: American Diabetes Association 66th Scientific Sessions. 2006. Abstr. 52-LB.

49. Lam N.T., Covey S.D., Lewis J.T., et al. Leptin resistance following over-expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in liver. J Mol Endocrinol. 2006; 36: 163–74.

50. Chen K., Li F., Li J., et al. Induction of leptin resistance through direct interaction of C-reactive protein with leptin. Nat Med. 2006; 12: 425–32.

51. Wang M.Y., Orci L., Ravazzola M., Unger R.H. Fat storage in adipocytes requires inactivation of leptin’s paracrine activity: implications for treatment of human obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005; 102: 18 011–6.

52. Liu J., Lee J., Salazar Hernandez M.A., Mazitschek R., Ozcan U. Treatment of obesity with celastrol. Cell. 2015; 161 (5): 999–1011.

53. Ghadge A.A., Khaire A.A. Leptin as a predictive marker for metabolic syndrome. Cytokine. 2019; 121: 154735.

54. Wu P., Wen W., Li J., Xu J., Zhao M., Chen H., et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effect of SGLT2 Inhibitor on blood leptin and adiponectin level in patients with type 2 diabetes. Horm Metab Res. 2019; 51 (8): 487–94.

55. Okada-Iwabu M., Iwabu M., Yamauchi T., Kadowaki T. Structure and function analysis of adiponectin receptors toward development of novel antidiabetic agents promoting healthy longevity. Endocr J. 2018; 65 (10): 971–7.

56. Turer A.T., Scherer P.E. Adiponectin: mechanistic insights and clinical implications. Diabetologia. 2012; 55 (9): 2319–26.

57. Fisman E.Z., Tenenbaum A. Adiponectin: a manifold therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and coronary disease? Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014; 13: 103.

58. Verbovoy A.F., Tsanava I.A., Verbovaya N.I. Adipokines and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in combination with gout. Ozhirenie i metabolizm [Obesity and Metabolism]. 2016; 3 (1): 20–4. (in Russian)

59. Mitroshina E.V. Relationship between adiponectin levels and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in boys and men with obesity manifested in puberty. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Povolzhskiy region. Meditsinskie nauki [Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Volga Region. Medical Sciences]. 2011; 18 (2): 11–8. (in Russian)

60. Banerjee A., Khemka V.K., Roy D., Poddar J., Roy T.K.S., Karnam S.A. Role of serum adiponectin and vitamin D in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus. Can J Diabetes. 2017; 41 (3): 259–65.

61. Abdella N.A., Mojiminiyi O.A. Clinical applications of adiponectin measurements in type 2 diabetes mellitus: screening, diagnosis, and marker of diabetes control. Dis Markers. 2018; 5: 5187940.

62. Mackie K. Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006; 46: 101–22.

63. Okada-Iwabu M., Yamauchi T., Iwabu M., Honma T., Hamagami K., Matsuda K., et al. A small-molecule AdipoR agonist for type 2 diabetes and short life in obesity. Nature. 2013; 503 (7477): 493–9.

64. Holland W.L., Scherer P.E. Cell Biology. Ronning after the adiponectin receptors // Science. 2013; 342 (6165): 1460–1.

65. Bhat I.A., Kabeer S.W., Reza M.I., Mir R.H., Dar M.O. AdipoRon: a novel insulin sensitizer in various complications and the underlying mechanisms: a review. Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2020; 13 (2): 94–107.

66. Nigro E., Daniele A., Salzillo A., Ragone A., Naviglio S., Sapio L. AdipoRon and other adiponectin receptor agonists as potential candidates in cancer treatments. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22 (11): 5569.

67. Takenaga K., Akimoto M., Koshikawa N., Nagase H. Obesity reduces the anticancer effect of AdipoRon against orthotopic pancreatic cancer in diet-induced obese mice. Sci Rep. 2021; 11 (1): 2923.

68. Gu D., Shi Y., Gong Z., Xia T., Ren H., He D., et al. AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist, protects contrast-induced nephropathy by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation via activation of the AMPK pathway. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2020; 24 (11): 989–98.

69. Kim Y., Lim J.H., Kim M.Y., Kim E.N., Yoon H.E., Shin S.J., et al. The adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in a model of type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018; 29 (4): 1108–27.

70. Gusenbekova D.G., Ametov A.S., Butaeva S.G. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: new opportunities for effective glycemic control by correcting lipid metabolism disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Farmateka [Pharmateca]. 2015; (10): 49–54. (in Russian)

71. Litvinenko V.M., Ametov A.S. Adipokine status of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus and visceral obesity during dapagliflozin therapy. In: Sakharniy diabet – pandemiya XXI v. Sbornik tezisov VIII (XXV) Vserossiyskogo diabetologicheskogo kongressa s mezhdunarodnym uchastiyem [Diabetes Mellitus is a Pandemic of the 21st Century. Collection of abstracts of the VIII (XXV) All-Russian Diabetology Congress with international participation]. Moscow, 2018: 289–90. (in Russian)

72. Ionescu D.D.; PREFER Investigators. Anti-hypertensive efficacy of perindopril 5–10 mg/day in primary health care: an open-label, prospective, observational study. Clin Drug Investig. 2009; 29 (12): 767–76.

73. Koz C., Baysan O., Yokusoglu M., et al. The effects of perindopril on aortic elasticity and inflammatory markers in hypertensive patients. Med Sci Monit. 2009; 15 (7): PI41–5.

74. Nedogoda S., Ledyaeva A.A., Chumachok E.V., et al. Randomized trial of perindopril, enalapril, losartan and telmisartan in overweight or obese patients with hypertension. Clin Drug Investig. 2013; 33: 553–61.

All articles in our journal are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0 license)

CHIEF EDITOR
CHIEF EDITOR
Ametov Alexander S.
Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of Subdepartment of Endocrinology, Head of the UNESCO Network Chair on the subject «Bioethics of diabetes as a global problem» of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education (Moscow)
Вскрытие

Journals of «GEOTAR-Media»